Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Aniekan E. Ekpo, Nsikak E. Bassey, Nyakno J George, Itoro C. Udo

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.74.79

The Niger Delta Basin is a prolific hydrocarbon region characterized by complex geological structures such as shale diapirs, faults, fractures, and various hydrocarbon traps. This study uses Euler Deconvolution method to analyze aeromagnetic data over the southeastern Niger Delta, identifying key subsurface features critical for hydrocarbon exploration. Several geological zones with varying exploration potential are revealed. The central basin zone (latitudes 4˚50’–5˚10’N and longitudes 7˚40’–8˚20’E) shows sparse Euler solutions at depths of 2 to 5 Km, indicating a deeper basement with limited near-surface faulting. This stable zone, with its deep sediment deposits, is favorable for deep-seated hydrocarbon accumulations, particularly within the Akata Formation. In the lowland zone (latitudes 4˚50’–5˚00’N and longitudes 7˚00’–7˚40’E), fewer solutions are detected at depths of 3 to 7 Km, suggesting deeper faults or basement structures that may serve as hydrocarbon traps. The study also identifies significant shale diapirs in the western part (latitudes 5˚00’–5˚30’N and longitudes 7˚30’–8˚00’E), where clusters of solutions at 1.5 to 3 Km indicate over-pressured shales from the Akata Formation intruding upwards, creating structural traps. Additionally, several fault and fracture zones in the northwestern and eastern parts (latitudes 5˚10’–5˚50’N and longitudes 7˚20’–7˚50’E and 8˚20’–8˚50’E) provide potential migration pathways and trapping mechanisms. The findings suggest that targeted exploration in areas with high hydrocarbon potential, such as fault zones, shale diapirs, and structural closures, could lead to significant hydrocarbon discoveries. This study provides insights that enhance understanding of the Niger Delta Basin’s complex geological framework, guiding more efficient exploration strategies in this prolific region.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Fadiminiyi Gbenga Stephen, Aladin Anthony Ese and Maju-Oyovwikowhe G.E

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.106.112

Feldspar minerals are essential industrial minerals that have varied applications depending on their mineralogical and chemical compositions. This project aims to evaluate the geochemical properties of Feldspar deposits around Dagbala area to determine their suitability for ceramic production. The study combines field and laboratory analysis of the samples collected. Fieldwork was carried out in Dagbala area, Akoko-Edo, Southern Nigeria, where ten (10) rock chip samples were collected from six different locations during the dry season. The chemical and mineralogical properties of the Feldspar materials were determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The major mineral phases identified in the Feldspar samples from the studied areas were Muscovite, Quartz, Plagioclase, Albite, Microcline/Orthoclase, and Zircon. Geochemical analysis of the Feldspar deposits showed that they contained high Silica, SiO2 (72.71 – 74.97%; average: 73.11%) and Alumina, Al2O3 (15.05-15.16%; average 15.12%) with significant amounts of Potash (K2O) content (3.53 – 8.20%; average: 7.00%) and Soda (Na2O) content (3.37 – 5.56%; average: 4.94%), which are essential oxides for ceramic production. The ceramic suitability of these materials was assessed using the Bureau Indian Specification (BIS) and data from relevant literature. The results revealed that these raw materials are suitable for the production of ornamental ceramic ware.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Muhammed Salam Abubakar, Abdulrahman Muhammad, Ismail Bala Jibril

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.98.105

This study investigates the geochemical characteristics and potential contamination of groundwater within the Kaduna Polytechnic Main Campus. Piper plot analysis reveals that the water samples predominantly exhibit a Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–Cl⁻—SO₄²⁻ type, indicating a mixture of alkaline earth and strong acid anion concentrations. Electrical conductivity (EC) values in the samples ranged from 365 to 1790 μS/cm, reflecting variations in ion concentrations. Nitrate levels in some samples were alarmingly high, ranging from 27.20 mg/l to 131.00 mg/l, surpassing the WHO permissible limit of 45 mg/l. Arsenic concentrations varied between 0.015 and 0.125 mg/l, with certain samples exceeding the WHO guideline of 0.01-0.05 mg/l. Cadmium concentrations were particularly concerning, ranging from 0.604 mg/l to 0.766 mg/l, significantly above the WHO limit of 0.03 mg/l. Chromium concentrations ranged from non-detectable to 0.25 mg/l, with some samples exceeding the WHO limit of 0.05 mg/l. Nickel concentrations ranged from 0.078 mg/l to 0.128 mg/l, surpassing the WHO limit of 0.01 mg/l in all samples. Mercury concentrations were exceptionally high, ranging from 2.357 mg/l to 3.807 mg/l, far exceeding the WHO limit of 0.02 mg/l. These findings suggest that the groundwater quality within the Kaduna Polytechnic Main Campus is compromised by a range of emerging contaminants, likely stemming from anthropogenic activities such as improper waste disposal, agricultural practices, and nearby mechanical operations. Urgent intervention is required to mitigate potential health risks and protect the groundwater resources of the area.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Adedokun Damilola Rukayat, Ishola K.S., Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Alli Adnan Karram, Ibitomi Michael Adewale

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.44.56

Groundwater Investigation was carried out using Electrical Resistivity Method at Sanngo Elere, Eruwa. There are many hand-dug wells in the study area but there is no evidence that groundwater exploration has been carried out in the area. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out in the area with the aim of determining viable aquiferous zone. Twenty (20) VES were carried out using Schlumberger electrode array configuration. The VES data generated were processed and interpreted using partial curve matching method and computer iterative modelling software called win resist. The interpreted data revealed three to five geoelectric sections consisting of the topsoil with resistivity ranging from 149 to 1407Ωm. Weathered/party weathered layer with resistivity and thickness values ranging from 131 to 2082Ωm and 1.0 to 14.2m respectively. A partly weathered/fresh basement rock with resistivity and thickness values that ranges from 45 to 3297Ωm and 2.6 to 21.6m. also a fresh basement rock with resistivity values that range from 1020 – 8744Ωm. On the bases of the resistivity and thickness of fracture zone, twelve out of 20 VES points are promising location for prolific borehole. The values of computed reflection coefficient were further used to confirm water bearing fractures. Electrical Resistivity Survey has been successfully utilized for groundwater exploration in the study area.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Syeda Basma, Shafi Ullah, Raja Asif Wagan, Bakhtiar Khan

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.34.43

In recent years, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Route has witnessed significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC) due to human activities. Understanding these changes is crucial for effective environmental management. This study focused on analyzing LULC changes between Quetta and Gwadar along the CPEC route from 2018 to 2022. Utilizing satellite data and advanced mapping techniques, particularly supervised and unsupervised image classification methods, we examined how the landscape has evolved over time. Our analysis revealed notable shifts in LULC patterns, including a decrease in water bodies, wetlands, and barren land in Quetta, alongside an expansion of built-up areas and agricultural lands. Additionally, a comparative analysis of factual data highlighted the significant changes between different regions along the CPEC route. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring LULC changes and implementing strategies to sustainably manage resources along the CPEC route.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Abdulrahman Muhammada, Muhammad Lawal Garbab, Ismail Bala Jibrila

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.12.23

A combined hydrogeochemical and hydrogeological investigation was undertaken in Talata-Mafara to evaluate irrigation water quality and shallow groundwater’s potential for irrigation purposes. This assessment aimed to ascertain the suitability of surface and shallow groundwater for irrigation. The Piper diagram illustrates Na+–K+–Cl−–SO42− as the prevalent ions, with rock dominance identified as the primary factor influencing groundwater chemistry, as shown in Gibb’s diagram. Analysis of irrigation water quality indicates that most samples were rated as excellent or good in terms of salinity risk, SAR, RSC, magnesium risk, index of permeability, and salinity potential. However, many samples were doubtful regarding Percent Sodium and unsuitable in Kelly’s ratio. Eight Vertical Electrical Profile (VEP) points were collected in the study area, indicating a promising groundwater potential. The apparent resistivity values of the underlying lithology, consisting of clastic sedimentary rocks (sands and gravels) in the form of topsoil (0-20m), weathered/fractured basement (2.5-100m), and fresh basement rocks (>100m thick), supported this conclusion. The pumping test data collected from different boreholes supports the rocks’ conductivity. In most areas, the groundwater is quite shallow, around 9 metres deep, except in New Maradun, where some boreholes had negative yields and a static water level of about 50 metres. The groundwater flow in the area predominantly flows northwest. The region’s surface water and near-surface aquifers can be used for irrigation. Improving the drainage system within farmlands is necessary to mitigate the excessive buildup of dissolved ions in the crop root zone, which may escalate to hazardous levels.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Ankit Kandel, Kabi Raj Paudyal

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2023.56.72

The Birendranagar-Talpokhari area lies in Surkhet and Dailekh districts of the Karnali Province, Nepal. Geologically, the study area represents parts of the Lesser Himalaya and Sub-Himalaya. The Sub-Himalaya consists of rocks of the Lower Siwalik. The Lesser Himalaya consists of three tectonic units: the Dailekh Group, the Lakharpata Group, and the Surkhet Group. The Dailekh Group is the allochthonous rock unit consisting of sequences of metamorphosed rocks whereas the Lakharpata Group consists of series of carbonate rocks. The Surkhet Group is the para-autochthonous unit consisting of sequences of low-grade metamorphic rocks. The strain ellipsoid of the quartz grains shows the rocks of the Surkhet Group and Dailekh Group bear a differential pattern of deformation. All the samples from the Surkhet Group rocks show the (Ri>Rs) condition whereas the Dailekh Group rocks show the (Rs> Ri) condition. The kinematic vorticity numbers with higher values (sample J19, L5, and M20) are located near the thrust whereas the lower value (sample J19) lies at some distance from the thrust. The simple shear-dominated area is more affected by the shearing effect so that the long axis of the quartz grains gets affected and subjected to rotation during shearing. This result supports the presence of the regional thrusts; (Timile Thrust and Nigalpani Thrust).

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Anthony V. Oyeshomo

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.12.23

In assessing the quality of water within the Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state Southwestern Nigeria, 12 representative samples were analysed from 3 hand dug wells. 3 streams and 6 boreholes for their physical and chemical parameters. The result show that the appearance of water samples varied and they were all clear. Turbidity ranges from 0.050-0.195NTU which indicate that the samples turbidity are below the W. H.O guideline of 5.0NTU. Conductivity ranges from 0.04 (mho/cm) to 0.11 (mho/cm), for hand-dug wells the 0.02 (mho/cm) to 0.05 (mho/cm) and for stream’s the conductivity ranges from 0.02 (mho/cm) to 0. 08 (mho/cm).The chemical parameters analyzed for the samples include pH, total dissolved solids, total Hardness, and concentration of ions. The total dissolved solid is highest in borehole 1 with a value of 700ppm while stream 2 and hand dug well 3 has the lowest value of 100ppm respectively. The Total Hardness is highest in borehole 4 with value of 77.78 and lowest in borehole 3 with value of 16.70. The value of the calcium concentration in the water samples range from 7.21mg/1 to 40.08mg/1. The W.H.O recommended minimum and highest desirable levels are 75m/1 and 200mg/I respectively The magnesium concentration of the samples ranges from 2.43mg/1-41.31mg/l. According to the World Health Organization permissible limits for minimum and maximum values are given as (50mg/1 and 150 mg/l),The results of the analysis compare favourably with the standard practice, the pH value also suggests that most of the water samples are slightly acidic but only a sample falls within the alkalinity range, the geology of an area influences groundwater chemistry while the activity of human influences the quality of groundwater.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Ishola Elijah Opeyemi, Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu, Korode Akinjide Isaac, Amoyedo Abiodun Adekunle

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.01.11

In the Niger Delta’s “WONDER” field, seven wells were thoroughly examined. The petrophysical characteristics of the sequences were determined using sequence stratigraphy, and the lithostratigraphic settings were modeled. Utilizing Schlumberger Petrel Software and Microsoft Excel, well logs and reservoir sands (RES A, RES B, and RES C) were analyzed, and petrophysical parameters were calculated. Biostratigraphic plots of the varieties of foraminifera in the reference well (WON 12-ST1) showed three sequences. These were found by matching log trends with depositional settings. There were three maximum flooding surfaces and four sequence boundaries. All of the sequences were classified as type-1, and there were three system tracts: transgressive (TST), highstand (HST), and lowstand (LST). In the HST and LST, prograding and aggrading sands with diminishing shale volume uphill were combined with retrograding shale and sand units. In the LST, TST, and HST, hydrocarbon buildups were discovered based on resistivity log data and calculated hydrocarbon saturation values. Average petrophysical parameters showing different shale volumes, total porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, and permeability ranges were calculated for RES A, RES B, and RES C over the seven wells. Examples of these ranges were found in Reservoir A, where the permeability measured 6978–8391 mD, the hydrocarbon saturation ranged from 51–59%, and the amount of shale ranged from 9–14%. This research provides crucial insights into the sedimentary patterns and hydrocarbon potential of the “WONDER” field in the Niger Delta.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Andre-Obayanju O, Ese Anthony Aladin, Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2023.48.55

The study was carried out in Ovia North-East local government area of Edo state. The study area is located between latitudes of 6°24’16.116”N and longitudes of 5°37’26.205″E to 5°36’16.8”E in Ovia North-East local government area. A total of three (3) soil samples were collected from an Anthill (Mold soil) mix with Lateritic soil at 0%, 3% and 6%. The following geotechnical analyses (the Particle size analysis, Specific Gravity, Atterberg Limits, Compaction Test and Triaxial Tests) was carried on the Mold soil samples mixed with lateritic soil to evaluate their suitability for road construction. The analyses revealed that approximately 10% of the soil composition consists of fine sand grains, while the majority, accounting for 90%, is characterized as medium to coarse grained. The particle size distribution analysis of the Mold soil indicated that the percentage of fines is below 35%, classifying it as coarse-grained according to the American Association of State and Highway Transport Officials (AASHTO). The Mold soil exhibited weight retention of 47.26 grams. The Specific Gravity ranged from 2.34 to 2.51, Liquid Limit varied from 51.80% to 63.05%, Plastic Limit ranged from 26.70% to 29.39%, Plasticity Index ranged from 25.10% to 33.52%, and Shear strength spanned from 26.748 to 50.066 kN/m². The results of the Compaction Test indicated that the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) ranged from 1.54 to 1.61 g/cm³, and the Optimum Moisture Content ranged from 14.45% to 13.93% for Mold soils mixed with lateritic soil at 0%, 3%, and 6%, respectively. The study results demonstrate that the incorporation of Mold soil enhances the geotechnical properties of the soil, while the Anthill proves to be a beneficial additive for improving lateritic soil in road construction. Furthermore, the Mold soil sample, when mixed with lateritic soil, meets the specifications set by the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, specifically maintaining a percentage of ≤ 18% for sub-base and base materials. This finding underscores the suitability of the soil for road construction purposes.