Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Bawallah Musa Adesola, Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Adebo Babatunde A., Adedapo Johnson Olumide, Ofomola Merrious Oviri, Oladeji Johnson Femi, Raji Idowu, Chinyem Felix Iwebunor, Hadiza Mali Bukar, Bello Kingdom, Imolore Mark Ohis

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0009

An integrated geophysical study has been carried out for the evaluation of geological factors that are responsible for foundation stability and vulnerability to failure in a typical sedimentary environment. This is a direct consequence of structural failure that was becoming a matter of almost daily occurrence, especially during the rainy season. In carrying out this study, seven electromagnetic profiles, magnetic as well as Lateral Horizontal Profiling (LRP) were carried out and complimented with Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The profiling allowed for the structural delineation of the areas into weak, fairly weak, fairly competent, competent, and very competent zones, while the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) delineated the subsurface layer parameters into topsoil, clay horizon, sand, and resistive sand. The vulnerability factors obtained from the statistical analysis were used to determine the stability and generate standardize threshold values. Therefore, since the load-bearing capacity of the foundation of this area is largely dependent on the second layer which is highly incompetent from this study, it then becomes imperative that the ingenuity of the construction/civil engineer must be brought into bearing for the sustainability and stability of any structure in this study area. All the methods engaged in this study exhibits an effective correlation and the area could be inferred/observed to be highly vulnerable to failure as a result of the inherent weak nature of the study location.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Shoukat Ali Shah, Madeeha Kiran, Aleena Nazir, Rabia Dars

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0008

Mehar taluka has been undergoing a faster built-up development like other regions of Sindh province over the past decades. This expansion increased on replacement of natural surface by numerous artificial constituents which made substantial variations in Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The study investigates the surface temperature and vegetation index over built-up and vegetative areas from 2013-2020 in Mehar taluka. Landsat 8 imageries were acquired from the USGS web portal and processed in the ArcGIS 10.3 environment. To retrieve the LST, and to investigate the correlation, LST and NDVI were computed using equations given by USGS. The results showed that there was a linear negative correlation between both parameters. The regression coefficient value of both years was computed as (2013: R2=0.337, and 2020: R2= 0.2361). A strong negative correlation between LST and NDVI was found. Comparing both LST and NDVI, the results and maps exhibited that the peaks of the LST are usually the areas with no vegetation cover like built-up area and bare area. While NDVI peak is quite noticeable in the agricultural land and water body areas. Thus, it is clear from the study that remote sensing (RS) assessment is effective for determining the surface temperature and vegetation cover and also determining the relationship among LULC, LST, NDVI, UI, and NDWI for current and future scenarios on densely urban, regional and at the global level.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Fidelis I. Kwaghhua, Adetona A. Abbass, Aliyu Shakirat B.

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0007

Interpretation of Aeromagnetic and Radiometric Data covering the basement region of Benue-Kogi confluence was executed to delineate major structures and other geologic frame works of mineral interest. The Aeromagnetic data was enhanced to reveal structures while radiometric data was analysed to map lithology and zones affected by hydrothermal alterations. First Vertical derivatives, Analytical Signal and Euler deconvolution filters were applied to the Aeromagnetic data while Ratio and Ternary images of the three radiogenic elements were obtained for the radiometric data. Magnetic signatures from the TMI showed medium susceptibility at the Northern Koton-Karfe region, a mixture of high and low susceptibility below koton-karfe due to intrusion of oolitic iron ore within the sedimentary formation. Lokoja regions recorded highest susceptibility of 165 nT due to magnetic signatures emanating from exposed basement rocks. The southern Idah regions recorded relatively low susceptibility. Analysis of First Vertical Derivatives revealed near surface mineral potent structures labelled F1 – F8, also cringing surface features B1, B2 and B3. Analytical signal revealed high amplitudes range of 0.174 to 0.579 cycles for magnetic sources majorly at the basement regions, while low amplitude range of 0.021 to 0.157 cycles were recorded around the sedimentary regions. Euler depth analysis revealed shallower depth to sources in the basement and deeper depth to sources in the sedimentary regions due to thick overburden. Radiometric signatures from the K/Th ratio map revealed portions around Latitude 8°00’ NW and 7°30’ SW shaded in pink colour and having values above known threshold of 0.2 %/ppm to be hydrothermally altered. Mapping of lithology from Ternary map revealed K-Feldspar mineral bearing rocks dominated the NW and SW regions, while sandstones, ironstones, mudstones, shale, alluvium and other fluvial sedimentary lithologies dominated the sedimentary North-east and South-Eastern regions. The western regions (NW and SW) hosted the major structures in form of magnetic lineaments trending NE-SW and E-W which also coincided with regions delineated to be hydrothermally altered and apparently represents the most prospective regions of mineralisation in the study area.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Aliyu, Shakirat Bukola, Adetona, Abbass. Adebayo, Rafiu Abdulwaheed Adewuyi, Ejepu Jude, Adewumi, Taiwo

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0006

Both Airborne Magnetic and Radiometric datasets were employed to interpret the geology and geological structures that serve as host to gold and associated minerals within the Bida and Zungeru, Niger State, Nigeria. An area of 55 by 110km2, contained within the cretaceous sediments of Bida Basin and the meta-sediments of Zungeru-sarkin-pawa schist belt. Data interpretation involve the application of a mathematical algorithm for data enhancing such as, Reduce to the Equator, Analytical signal, First Vertical Derivative, and Centre for Exploration Targeting (CET) to the magnetic data, and Ternary imaging to the radiometric data, with a sole aim of mapping geological structures such as faults fracture folds joints and geological boundaries and possible gold mineralization veins that arise from hydrothermally altered zones. Two major geological units inhibit the study area, the cretaceous sediment, and the meta-sediments, major feature identifies within the Cretaceous sediment are the folds majority of which are located within the contacts. The result of the 1VD display is the vivid picture of the observed structural features such as faults fractures folds’ contacts labeled F1 to F8 both within the high region of magnetic susceptibility (in red) and low regions (in blue) geology contacts (yellow), folds (bold yellow) all across the field. Prominently at the North-Western corner of the study area are sets of linear structure that trend NE-SW, located within the contacts between the mylonites and the amphibolites and the belt-type meta-sediments located around Katakwo, Gindei, Kwange, Gabas and Akusu villages. Equallyworth mentioning are sets of lineament (in blue) trend E-W all across the mid-region of the study area, precisely at the Eastern corner within and below the Federal University of Technology Minna around Kata-eregi, Sabon-Dagan, Kakaki down Minkwoigi, Sunbwagi, Kakagi, Sabon dagga, and Bobo-shiri towns, where the majority of volcanic activities must have been recorded. The airborne radiometric show mobilization of the immobile thorium Th, concentration, and this also indicated hydrothermally altered zones. The increase in potassium concentration and decrease in K/Th relation observed from radiometric interpretation are very pinpointing of hydrothermal activities within the study area. The gold mineralisations are found within this vein and in the adjacent, highly deformed host rock located below the Federal University of Technology Minna Campus. The deformation seems to comprise principally of pebbly schist, amphibolites along fine-grained and magnetite.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Kherouf Mazouz, Baout Abdelraouf

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0005

Forecasting and monitoring the parameters of a drinking water network such as flow, pressure and quality are essential issues for the operator in order to guarantee a compliant distribution at all times. Water leaks are the main problem in the management of drinking water networks, so a drinking water network must be reliable and sustainable to meet the needs of subscribers. The modeling of a network allows, among other things, to determine distribution strategies in order to guarantee continuous quality of service. The EPANET modeling software, developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, enables the hydraulic and quality behavior of a water distribution network to be simulated on the basis of its parameters. Our work consists of simulating an existing network in the new city of Guelma in order to check all the necessary elements of the network, namely pressure, speed, flow and water quality. The results obtained verified that the pressure at all junctions and the flow rates with their velocities at all mains is sufficiently feasible to supply adequate water to the network in the study area. These results will help to better understand the pipeline network in the Study Area and allow the Study Area to be studied in the future.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Saeed Ur Rehman, M. Ishaq Kakar, Muhammad Ayoub Khan, Abdul Naeem

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DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0004

The Zhob Ophiolite is divided into Naweoba, Omzha and Ali Khanzai blocks. Ali Khanzai Block is further divided into ultramafic, mafic, and lava units which are surrounded by sedimentary rocks successions. The ultramafic unit contains ultramafic tectonic and ultramafic cumulate, mafic rock unit consists of foliated and layered gabbros and mafic dykes are doleritic in composition. Volcanic–volcaniclastic–pelagic rocks unit consists of thick volcanic pillow basalt, hyaloclastite, bedded chert, pelagic limestone and hemipelagic mudstone. The metamorphic sole rocks are tectonically high distorted and dismembered, comprising of amphibolite and greenschist facies. They might have formed through the process of early intra-oceanic obduction of the ophiolite. All units make thrusted contacts and are highly deformed. Petrography and geochemical studies divide the Ali Khanzai Block into rock types such as gabbro, olivine gabbro, dolerite, basalt, basaltic andesite and basaltic trachy-andesite, chert, mudstone, and limestone, dunite, serpentinite, harzburgite, and wehrlite. Mafic dyke intrusions crosscut mantle rocks of block. The mantle rocks are altered, deformed, and deeply weathered, maybe residual melting of enriched mantle peridotite. The contact relationship of dolerite dykes with peridotite indicta that they are late magmatic intrusions. The Crustal gabbros are partially chloritic and sericitic and occur within mantle peridotite, , they may have formed from fractional crystallization in a magma chamber. The volcanic-volcaniclastic-pelagic sediments surround mantle and crustal rock units. It might be a mélange in nature is much like that of the Bagh Complex found beneath the Muslim Bagh Ophiolite, and other ophiolites around the world.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Alimi J. A, Idris-Nda, A., Ajayi, O. and Konwea, C. I

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DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0003

The quality of groundwater from twenty (20) hand-dug wells around the Mando and Rigasa areas, Northwestern Nigeria was evaluated in this study. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, temperature, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Cl-, HCO3-, NO3-, SO42- and faecal coliform count were analysed. The degree of compliance of the various parameters with international guidelines for drinking water quality were determined and the groundwater classified. Comparison of the results of physico-chemical analysis with the NSDWQ and WHO guidelines revealed that most of the parameters in the groundwater had 100 % compliance except for pH, Mg2+, NO3-, K+ and Fe2+ with percentage compliance of 80, 90, 75, 70 and 40, respectively. This indicates that some of the groundwater samples are not suitable for drinking purpose. Groundwater quality map based on the Water Quality Index values for the various groundwater sample showed that most parts of the study area have excellent groundwater quality. The faecal coliform bacteria count ranged from 0 CFU/100 ml to too numerous to count. Only two (2) groundwater samples (10%) complied with the 0 CFU/100 ml guidelines of the NSDWQ and WHO, while the rest eighteen (18) groundwater samples (90 %) have faecal coliform bacteria count above the recommended value. Most of the groundwater samples are not suitable for drinking based on the faecal coliform count. The groundwater samples are suitable for agricultural purposes based on the SAR, RSC and PI classifications. The groundwater in the study area is dominated by Na-Cl and CaHCO3- type facies water.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Priscilla E. Ikioda, Charles O. Ofoegbu, Etim D. Uko, and Olatunji S. Ayanninuola

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DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0002

Aeromagnetic data acquired over part of the Anambra Basin is analyzed to determine the structural pattern and sedimentary thickness of the basin. The study area is covered by high resolution aeromagnetic data on sheets 301 (Udi), 302 (Nkalagu), 312 (Okigwe) and 313 (Afikpo), and lies between latitudes 5o30’0”-6o30’0” and longitudes 7o0’0″-8o0’0″. The whole area was divided into 25 overlapping blocks of 37.2km2 each and a 2D energy spectral analysis was carried out. Total magnetic intensity data was subjected to filtering and analytical techniques to determine the structural pattern, mineralization potential, depth to the basement, variation in the sedimentary thickness. The structural map generated using the vertical derivatives shows that the major structural orientation of the area is in the ENE-WSW trend and the minor trend is the NW to SE direction widespread all over the area. These structures are as a result of the various near-surface magnetic intrusion within the study area. The spectral analysis result shows two depth layers, the deep and the shallow depth, the depth to magnetic basement for the deep anomalous source ranges from 3.3km to 4.84km with an average depth of 3.99km, while the depth to shallow magnetic sources ranges between 0.46km to 0.67km and an average of 0.56km within the area. The mineralization pattern in this area follows the ENE-WSW direction.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Rizki Satria Rachman, Winantris, Budi Muljana

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DOI: 10.2478/pjg-2021-0001

Walat Formation is equivalent to Bayah Formation. This formation is the beginning of Bogor basin deposition. In this case, age and environment of this formation have been analyzed by previous researchers, but the results of age and environment interpretations have different ranges, especially from itspalynological aspect which until now Walat Formation is rarely analyzed using this aspect. This research was conducted to identify the age and depositional environment of Walat Formation in Sukabumi region by using pollen and spores to confirm different interpretations of previous studies. Measure sectionwas carried out in sampling and chemical treatment method was carried out to see palynomorph content in the rock. Furthermore, data analysis wascarried out with range of interval zones and pollen grouping based on their environment.

The results show that Walat Formation has Late Eocene age based on the interval zone between first occurrence of Verrucatosporites usmensis andMeyeripollis naharkotensis, and the last occurence of Proxapertites operculatus, Proxapertites cursus, and Cicatricosisporites eocenicus. Walat Formation hasfluvial depositional environment characterized by the dominance of Proxapertites operculatus and Proxapertites cursus. The results of this study confirm that the Walat Formation has an Eocene age and a fluvial depositional environment from a palinological aspect.