Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Shuaibu A.M, Shehu S Abdulmalik, Okiyi I.M

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2025.12.19

Thirty-five (35) vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted to assess the groundwater potential of Mashiji and its surroundings using the Schlumberger configuration with a maximum current electrode of 100 m and an Ohmega resistivity meter. The data were analyzed using IPI 2win software. The research region is dominated by the HK curve type (20%), followed by the H, HA, and A curve types (60%), and KH, KA, AK, and KA curve types (20%). Groundwater potential aquifer production zones were identified using geoelectric techniques. Weathered and fractured layers make up the majority of the aquifer zones in the research region. The granitic environment of the study area is separated into four subsurface strata, according to the geoelectric sections: top soil, clayey laterite, weathered basement, fractured basement, and, occasionally, fresh basement. These horizons have thicknesses ranging from 0.48 to 1.61 m, 1.55 to 13.7 m, 2.75 to 35.7 m, 12.2 to 75.3 m, and 17.8 to ->7 m, in that order. In a metasediment environment, geoelectric sections revealed that the area is made up of four geoelectric layers: top soil, clayey lateritic soil, quartzite/schist, weathered basement, and, in some cases, fresh basement. The thicknesses of these horizons are 0.40 – 1.34m, 1.7 – 8m, 3.63 – 28m, 4,374 – 34.9m, 4.9 – 59.4m, and 25.2 – 60m. The fractured/overburden geospatial maps of the study area indicated diverse groundwater potentials depending on geological conditions. The weathered and fractured thicknesses in the granite environment range from 2.75 to 35.7 m and 12.2 to 75.3 m, respectively, while in the metasediment environment, the weathered basement thickness is 4.374 to 34.9 m, and the fractured layer thickness varies from 4.9 to 59.4 m.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Ayodele O. Falade, Olubola Abiola, John O. Amigun

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2025.05.11

This study integrated amplitude and frequency-based post-stacked seismic attributes to delineate hydrocarbon prospects in the study area. The research aimed to achieve a comprehensive reservoir characterization by utilizing five well log suites, check shot, and seismic data. Two primary lithologies, sand and shale, were delineated from the well log data, and three reservoirs of significant thickness, intersecting the available well logs, were identified. Using synthetic seismograms and check shot data, a seismic-to-well tie was performed, aligning the well logs with the seismic section to facilitate the extraction of horizon time slices corresponding to the tops of the identified reservoirs for seismic attribute analysis. Seismic attributes that are a function of the amplitude (instantaneous amplitude), frequency (instantaneous frequency) and both (amplitude envelope) identified to be a direct hydrocarbon indicator were extracted and used for the analysis to obtain information about the hydrocarbon potential of the field. Horizon time slices for the three reservoirs were generated across all three attribute maps, allowing for the identification of zones indicative of hydrocarbon presence. Areas characterized by high instantaneous amplitude, low instantaneous frequency, and high amplitude envelope were highlighted and encircled as hydrocarbon prospects. The results reveal that the field demonstrates significant hydrocarbon potential based solely on amplitude and frequency-based seismic attributes.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Mudashiru Soliu Ademola, Olatunji Anuoluwa Olamide., Oke Paul Adetayo., Adeyanju Olumide Lateef., Orowale Triumph Prosper

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.80.88

A detailed geophysical investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the subsurface/subsoil competence of a proposed building site in Federal University of Technology, Akure. The study utilized electrical method involving the use of horizontal profiling, vertical electrical sounding and the combined vertical electrical sounding and horizontal profiling at the site of investigation. Four traverses were occupied in order to have a detailed understanding of the area. Twenty (20) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) locations were occupied using Schlumberger electrode configuration with AB/2 varying from 1 to 100 m. This was quantitatively interpreted using manual partial curve matching and computer iteration. The results were used to generate geoelectric sections and maps. Three to five subsurface geologic layers were delineated across the study area comprising; the topsoil, clay, weathered layer, laterite and fresh bedrock. The topsoil exhibits fairly high resistivity with resistivity ranging from 31 to 451 Ωm with thickness in excess of 1.5 m. Based on this, the upper layer can host the foundation of less heavy weight buildings using strip foundation. However, the top layer is underlain by the weathered layer which is predominantly composed of a sandy clay formation, with resistivity values ranging from 85 to 190 Ωm and thickness between 0.5 and 12 m. The last layer, with resistivity values ranging from 383 to 2491 Ωm, is considered to be the competent layer capable of supporting heavy engineering structures with deeper foundations.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Haidar Salim Anan*

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2025.01.04

Spatio-temporal variability of thirty-one Maastrichtian-Neogene Uvigerinid benthic foraminiferal species and other related taxa in seventeen localities in the Southern Tethys (Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Venezuela, Ivory Basin, Nigeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan, UAE, Qatar, Iran, Pakistan, Japan, Australia, southwest Pacific) are presented. Two of these species are treated here as new: Uvigerina tusmanica and Uvigerinella tunisica. The prominent environment of the recorded assemblage are ranged from the Outer shelf-bathyal environment.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Haidar Salim Anan

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.149.150

Eocene-Miocene Lagenid new genus Amphicorynella and its species of Romania (East Europe) and France (West Europe) are described. It is characterized by its elongate calcareous perforate uniserial test, globular proloculus with commonly apiculate base, followed by inclined globular chambers throughout, sutures distinctly depressed, surface ornamented with fine costae broken up into rows of small pustules, aperture terminal with a pronounced neck with ring like concentric ridges. These species are: Amphicorynella popescui, A. romanica, A. mazeni, A. yassini, A. franciaca, Amphicoryna sztrákosae. All the recorded benthic foraminiferal species from the Romania and France in Europe are, so far, an endemic to its original erections.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Haidar Salim Anan

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.141.148

The present study focuses on the modern taxonomical consideration of thirty-six smaller benthic foraminiferal Paleogene species belonging to twenty-six genera identified by Bignot (1988) from Holes 960a and 960c of the Ivorian Basin, West Africa, central Atlantic Ocean, representing a good example of the Tethyan assemblage; the Southern Tethyan assemblage of the Ivorian Basin indicates an open marine environment, corresponding to an outer neritic-abyssal setting, with its wide paleogeographic distribution across various localities in the Northern and Southern Tethys—USA, Mexico, Caribbean, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Ivorian Basin, Angola, Libya, Egypt, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Pakistan, and New Zealand—demonstrating that the ancestral Tethys was connected to the ancestral Atlantic, Indian (via the Mediterranean Sea), and Pacific Oceans, while the environmental conditions of the identified species indicate an outer shelf-bathyal habitat (~200–2000m).

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Oki, Austin Oyinkuro and Didei, Innocent Sunday

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.135.140

The ability of the overburden material to protect the shallow aquifer of the Federal University Otuoke in Ogbia LGA of Bayelsa State was investigated using Electrical Method. Ten (10) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) stations were occupied across the study area using Schlumberger configuration. The data obtained was modelled using IP2WIN resistivity software to obtain first order geo-electric parameters—layer thickness and resistivity. Information from the first order parameters was used to numerically determine the Total Longitudinal Conductance, which is a second-order geo-electric parameter. Results of the Total Longitudinal Conductance computed were then used to classify the rating of the Aquifer Protective Capacity of the overburden material across the study area into excellent, very good, good, moderate, weak, and poor.

Results revealed that locations occupied by VES stations 1, 2, and 3 had an Aquifer Protective Capacity rating classified as poor, which implied that the shallow aquifer in this area is vulnerable or prone to contaminants infiltrating through the overburden material from surface sources. VES station 4 had a moderate APC rating, which implied that the overburden material in this area will slow down but not totally impede the infiltration of surface contaminants. VES stations 4 to 10 all showed good APC rating, implying non-vulnerability of the shallow aquifer in this sampled area to infiltration by surface contaminants and pollutants.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Aniekan E. Ekpo, Nsikak E. Bassey, Nyakno J George, Itoro C. Udo

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.74.79

The Niger Delta Basin is a prolific hydrocarbon region characterized by complex geological structures such as shale diapirs, faults, fractures, and various hydrocarbon traps. This study uses Euler Deconvolution method to analyze aeromagnetic data over the southeastern Niger Delta, identifying key subsurface features critical for hydrocarbon exploration. Several geological zones with varying exploration potential are revealed. The central basin zone (latitudes 4˚50’–5˚10’N and longitudes 7˚40’–8˚20’E) shows sparse Euler solutions at depths of 2 to 5 Km, indicating a deeper basement with limited near-surface faulting. This stable zone, with its deep sediment deposits, is favorable for deep-seated hydrocarbon accumulations, particularly within the Akata Formation. In the lowland zone (latitudes 4˚50’–5˚00’N and longitudes 7˚00’–7˚40’E), fewer solutions are detected at depths of 3 to 7 Km, suggesting deeper faults or basement structures that may serve as hydrocarbon traps. The study also identifies significant shale diapirs in the western part (latitudes 5˚00’–5˚30’N and longitudes 7˚30’–8˚00’E), where clusters of solutions at 1.5 to 3 Km indicate over-pressured shales from the Akata Formation intruding upwards, creating structural traps. Additionally, several fault and fracture zones in the northwestern and eastern parts (latitudes 5˚10’–5˚50’N and longitudes 7˚20’–7˚50’E and 8˚20’–8˚50’E) provide potential migration pathways and trapping mechanisms. The findings suggest that targeted exploration in areas with high hydrocarbon potential, such as fault zones, shale diapirs, and structural closures, could lead to significant hydrocarbon discoveries. This study provides insights that enhance understanding of the Niger Delta Basin’s complex geological framework, guiding more efficient exploration strategies in this prolific region.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Haidar Salim Anan

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.131.134

The present study deals with the modern taxonomical consideration of the Neogene smaller Rotaliid benthic foraminiferal species of Uvigerina from Eastern Niger Delta Nigeria, west Africa, central Atlantic Ocean which represent good example of the Southern Tethyan assemblage. This assemblage indicates an open marine environment, which represents outer neritic-Bathyal environment(~200-2000m). The wide paleogeographic distribution of this assemblage in different localities in the Northern and Southern Tethys: USA, Mexico, Caribbean, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Hungaria, Italy, Ivorian Basin, Angola, Libya, Egypt, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Pakistan, New Zealand. indicate that the ancestral Tethys is connected with the ancestral Atlantic with Indian-Pacific, via Mediterranean Sea.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Adegoke Hezekiah Blessing, Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu, Saleh Alhaji Saleh, Eyankware Oghenenyoreme Moses, Ojo Gift Folashade

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.121.130

In the “HONYX” Field, Niger Delta, Gulf of Guinea, seismic attributes were employed to analyze the structural trend and identify regions that are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Nestled in the Niger Delta basin, the ‘HONYX’ field spans approximately 75,000 km2 and is situated between latitudes 4°N and 6°N and longitudes 3oE and 9°E. One of the petroleum companies in Nigeria provided the data set, which included the Base map of the study region, well logs (LAS format), 3-D seismic data (SEG-Y), and Check shot survey used for this work. Faults picking, horizon mapping, and structural map production were the techniques employed to accomplish this goal. The DHIs (Sweetness and Instantaneous frequency), RMS Amplitude, and Variance were the seismic properties that were employed. In the research area, the Sweetness exhibits a strong amplitude in regions where there are isolated sand bodies surrounded by shale. On the Sweetness time slices, they appeared as brownish patches. From the seismic data, the instantaneous frequency parameter was also produced. On the sweetness time slice, however, the zone or zones with strong amplitude match the instantaneous frequency, which displays low frequency anomalies suggestive of cracked and hydrocarbon zones. The Variance Trends Analysis showed the two main faults in an east-west orientation. Following that, structural maps of depth and time were created for three defined horizons. Finally, this study demonstrated that the application of seismic attribute analysis has uncovered several hydrocarbon prospective zones that could be further revalidated and evaluated to a hydrocarbon prospect, away from the producing zone (which is common to all three reservoir tops). These prospect areas were identified on the three depth maps. The “HONYX” Field is effective for accumulating hydrocarbons, according to the observed data.