Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)

ABSTRACT

THE MODAL ANALYSIS OF ROCKS IN THE DWELLING OF POONCH AND SUDHUNHOTI, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Muhammad Yasin, Muhammad Sabir Khan, Muhammad Rustam Khan

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2017.07.15

The aim of current research is to confirm early findings of geologists regarding the abundance of frame work mineralogy such as major minerals, rock fragments, accessory minerals, matrix minerals and cement minerals inside rocks by studying their modal analysis in the dwelling of Poonch and Sudhunhoti, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. For this purpose, the samples were first soaked, etched and stained using different chemicals during thin section preparation. Then, the percentage of frame work minerals was counted under petrographic microscope using visual acuity technique. The study indicates that the varieties of quartz (23% to 45%) and feldspar (3% to 13%) minerals are in profusion and their plethora inside the rock declared them major minerals. The rock fragments (29% to 56%) of igneous (Basalts, granite), sedimentary (limestone, dolomite, mudstone, siltstone, sandstone) and metamorphic (marble, schists and other pelites as well as quartzite) origin also exist in prodigious amount and abound inside rocks. The accessory minerals such as biotite (1% to 3%), muscovite (up to 2%), tourmaline (few traces), zircon (1%), chlorite, hornblende, rutile, hematite and pyrite (each with 1% to few traces) with exiguous amount form accessories. The clay minerals and mica (0 to 16%) due to their fine size form the matrix of rocks. The calcite (6% to 18%) and silica (2% to 3%) binds matrix and cementing material inside rocks. Furthermore, stratigraphic sections prepared in the area were helpful in understanding the geology of outcrops.

ABSTRACT

SEDIMENTARY FACIES ANALYSIS OF NAGRI FORMATION, KASHMIR BASIN, SUB-HIMALAYAS, PAKISTAN

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Noman Abbasi, Muhammad Sabir Khan, Muhammad Saleem Mughal, Muhammad Yasin

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2017.03.06

Nagri Formation, the subject of this study, lies in northeastern part of Kashmir basin, Pakistan along a belt of about 250-kilometer square. The Nagri Formation forms alternate beds of sandstone, claystone and/or mudstone. These are molasse deposits formed during the Himalayan orogeny and are early Pliocene in age. The Formation consists of six sedimentary facies: para-conglomerate (N1) comprised of massive conglomerates with the absence of grading and matrix supported fabric of clayey sand; ortho-conglomerate (N2) are normal graded conglomerates and are poorly sorted having clasts supported fine to very coarse grain matrix; massive sandstone (N3) is composed of medium to coarse sized grains, contains massive sandstone beds and is poorly sorted with scattered pebbles at some locations; cross bedded sandstone (N4) consist of to medium to coarse textured, cross bedded sandstone; parallel laminated sandstone (N5) comprising fine to coarse grained and poorly sorted sandstone beds with thin parallel laminations; and mudstone (N6) comprised of massive claystone’s, siltstones and mudstone that lack any noticeable sedimentary structure. The conglomerates, sandstone and mudstone/siltstone/claystone facies are stacked in ascending order and are deduced as a sequence of channel bar and floodplain or over bank deposits confined to a braided fluvial system.

ABSTRACT

THE USE OF STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION IN RECORDING QUAGMIRE OF INFORMATION FOR THE FLUVIAL DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT – A WORKED EXAMPLE IN DISTRICT POONCH, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Muhammad Yasin, Amir shahzad, Noman Abbasi, Umar Ijaz, Zeeshan Khattak

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2017.01.02

The tape-compass-clinometer method was used in gauging the thickness of stratigraphic units on topographic bevels by taping the intercepts. The dips of the beds and slope’s inclinations were determined. The appropriate formula was used in the thickness estimation. The graphic columnar section was finally compiled on the Sed. Log 3.0 version to display the geology. The worked example includes the measurement of stratigraphic section of rocks in the District Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The study was helpful in understanding the fluvial depositional environment of the Nagri Formation in the region and favours meandering and braided fluvial depositional pattern in continental environment.

ABSTRACT

MICROFACIES AND DIAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF LOCKHART LIMESTONE, SHAH ALLA DITTA AREA ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Zeeshan Khattak, Mumtaz Ali Khan, Zain ur Rahman, Muhammad Ishfaque, Muhammad Yasin

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2017.24.26

The Larger Foraminifera made a major contribution to Paleocene and Eocene biota. The microfacies and diagenetic setting of the Paleocene Lockhart Formation were analyzed in Shah Alla Ditta area, Islamabad. The Lockhart Formation is highly fossiliferous, comprising of thin nodular limestone with interbedded shale/marl. The lower contact is unconformable with Jurassic Samansuk formation while the upper contact is conformable with Margalla Hill Limestone. Rock samples were collected from the field and thin sections were prepared and analyzed under the microscope and on the basis of detailed petrographic study three types of microfacies were identified and interpreted based on Dunham’s textural classification, allochem type, fossil content and sedimentary structures. The microfacies include: LH-MF 1: Foraminiferal Wackestone/Biomicrite Microfacies, LH-MF 2: Algal Foraminiferal Wackestone Microfacies, LH-MF 3: Mixed Bioclastic Mudstone Microfacies. A number of larger benthic foraminifera, and the lack of Planktonic foraminifera in the Lockhart Limestone, indicate shallow to deep water of restricted inner to middle shelf environment of deposition. Larger foraminifera and dasycladacena algae are the two major fossil contents present in the Lockhart Formation. Larger foraminiferal species like Lockhartia hameii and Lockhartia conditi present in the formation confirm the age of Lockhart Limestone as Paleocene. The main diagenetic fabric recognized in the limestone reveals mechanical and chemical compaction, deep burial water pressure, pressure solution and tectonics-related fracturing. The nodularity in the limestone is credited to pressure solution.

ABSTRACT

MICROFACIES AND DIAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF CHORGALI CARBONATES, CHORGALI PASS KHAIR-E-MURAT RANGE IMPLICATIOPNS FOR HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Muhammad Zawar Khan, Zain ur Rahman, Zeeshan Khattak, Muhammad Ishfaque

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2017.18.23

In this study integrated approaches combining field study, petrographic analysis and petrophysical analysis has been used to infer the depositional and diagenetic effects on reservoir characteristics. The exposed stratigraphic section of Chorgali Formation at its type locality was logged, sampled and petrophysical analysis of well log data from Fimkassar-02 were carried out. Three microfacies recognized from petrographic studies are: Bioclastic Wackestone-Packstone Microfacies, Mixed Bioclastuc Wackestone-Packstone Microfacies and Larger Foraminiferal Wackestone-Packstone Microfacies. The depositional texture and faunal association suggested that the microfacies represents deposition in a low energy, distally steepened ramp type of setting. Due to the deposition in low energy environment the ratio of lime mud is more than bioclasts as a result the primary pore spaces in the formation are negligible. The analysis further showed that the carbonates of Chorgali Formation was also subjected to various diagenetic changes, mainly showing the compaction, stylolitization, aragonite to calcite transformation (neomorphism), tectonically induced fracturing and calcite veins passing from marine diagenesis to meteoric diagenesis through burial diagenesis. Fracturing due to later tectonic deformation have had a major influence on porosity generation and in some cases fracturing and stylolites together have had an important effect on permeability values. The petrophysical analysis shows that the Eocene Chorgali Formation is very good reservoir with average hydrocarbon saturation of 80 %.

ABSTRACT

MICROFACIES ANALYSIS AND RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF SAKESAR LIMESTONE, NAMMAL GORGE (WESTERN SALT RANGE), UPPER INDUS BASIN, PAKISTAN

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Zain Ur Rahman, Zawar Muhammad Khan, Zeeshan Khattak, Muhammad Azam Abbas, Muhammad Ishfaque
DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2017.12.17

The sedimentological study of the Lower Eocene Sakesar Limestone in Nammal gorge section, Western Salt Range, was carried out to elaborate the microfacies, diagenetic settings and reservoir potential. The Sakesar Limestone is widely distributed across the Salt and Surghar ranges. It mainly consists of massive and nodular fractured limestone with subordinate marls and chert in the upper part. The Eocene succession is only comprised of conformable Sakesar Limestone and Nammal Formation in Nammal gorge. The detailed study was conducted after measuring the vertical thickness of 18m section and the 6 six samples were obtained symmetrically. To give the detailed insight of sedimentological characteristics the well cuttings of Sakesar Limestone from well Pindori-01, were studied along with the un-stained thin sections to investigate the microfacies, diagenesis and reservoir potential. The well cuttings study revealed that the Sakesar Limestone is off white to dull grey calcite, moderately hard with cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline silica along with pyrite. Detailed field observations and laboratory investigations revealed that it contains Bioclastic wackstone microfacies. Neomorphism is present in various bioclasts. The presence of fractures filled with waxy leftover hydrocarbons makes it potential target for hydrocarbons. Petrophysical analysis shows an average hydrocarbon saturation of 85.5 percent in well Pindor-01 which confirms the huge reservoir potential of Sakesar Formation. Microfacies analysis indicates high lime mud and low faunal diversity which led towards the conclusion that the Eocene Sakesar Limestone was mainly deposited in semi restricted, low energy shallow marine shelf environment.

ABSTRACT

HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF SUNGAI SERAI, HULU LANGAT

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Alea Atiqah, Anis Syafawanie, Anis Syafiqah, Izulalif Izhar, Mohd Zarif, Amgad Abdelazim, Anas Syafiq, Ong Qing Wei

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2017.08.11

This study was a part of the applied field course at our department. The field work was done during the weekends for two weeks and it involves several locations including Bestari Jaya, Ulu Yam Dam, Paya Indah, Sungai (Sg.) Serai some open sand mining areas and others. The methods of sample extraction and handling were taught on site. Each group is divided into these respective locations for the study. For our group which is Group 4, the location assigned is Sg. Serai area. Equipment and item needed for this study was provided by the Geology Department. These equipment and item includes the water pump, the Hydro lab instrument, the cooler, and the sample bottle. The objective of this study was to study the geohydrology of the study area and to understand the environment of surrounding areas and its effect on the hydrology.

ABSTRACT

DIAGENESIS OF MIOCENE SANDSTONE IN THE DISTRICT SUDUNHOTI AND POONCH, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Muhammad Yasin

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2017.05.07

The petrographic analysis of Miocene sandstone at latitude 33° 45′ 00″ N to 33° 51′ 30″ N and Longitude 73° 35′ 36″ E to 73° 45′ 00″ E in the Himalayan fold and thrust belt was based on field observations and study of representative samples. At least 30 rock samples dislodged from outcrops for thin section preparations were soaked in blue epoxy resin before thin section grinding, then etched and stained using alizarin-red and potassium ferrocyanide for carbonate identification. The stratigraphic sections in the area were measured by tape-compass-clinometer method. Petrographic and textural data revealed that the quartz, feldspar, rock fragments, accessories, matrix and cement form the bulk composition of the rocks. The Miocene sandstones are lithic arenites and lithic greywackes. Further interpretation revealed the fracturing, flexure grain deformations, dissolutions, stylolitization, clay minerals anthogenesis, calcite and silica cementation during the diagenetic history of rocks.

ABSTRACT

DETERMINATION OF GROUND WATER POTENTIAL BY ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY METHOD IN RAWALAKOT AND ADJOINING AREAS OF THE SUB-HIMALAYAN FOLD AND THRUST BELT OF PAKISTAN

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Umar Ijaz, Muhammad Yasin

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2017.01.04

The study area lies in the Sub-Himalayan fold and thrust belt of Northeastern Pakistan. The electrical resistivity soundings (Schlumberger array) in 24 locations were deployed using ABEM Terameter SAS 4000 (Sweden) with all paraphernalia in the order to explore ground water at considerable depth within formations. The 2D contour maps of apparent resistivity at 30 m, 60 m and 90 m spacings, transverse resistance and anisotropic contour maps, 2D and 3D maps of aquifer thickness and longitudinal conductance were compiled. The earth resistivity model was formulated by means of IPI2win software. The qualitative and quantitative interpretation indicates that the investigated area includes confined or semi confined type aquifers beneath sedimentary cover.