Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: A. Mamudu, E.S. Akanbi, and S.C. Odewumi

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.90.94

The present study focuses on the Mapping of Mineral Potential Zones of the Bauchi area in Northeastern
Nigeria from Aeromagnetic Data. The aeromagnetic data was enhanced using the first vertical derivative, horizontal derivative, analytic signal and centre for exploration targeting (CET) techniques. The software used to process the data are ArcGIS, Oasis montaj® andRockworks. The total magnetic anomalies ranged from -29822 to 508.9 nT. The high magnetic anomalies could be from underlying ferromagnesian rocks while the low magnetic anomalies could be from granitic intrusions in the Bauchi area. The first vertical derivative and horizontal gradient map revealed short wavelength anomalies with relatively high frequency caused by shallow seated features assigned to igneous intrusions. The analytic signal map revealed clusters or high amplitude of analytic signals which is an indication of shallow seated intrusions of different shapes that could be associated with mineralization. The lineament map shows linear structures that could be faults, joints and dyke that indicated the study area has undergone structural deformation and the corresponding rose plot reveals linear structures that trend in ENE–WSW, ESE–WNW, NE–SW, SE–NW, N-S and E-W directions. This shows that minerals in the study area are structurally controlled. The mineral potential map shows that Jimbin, Jangu, Kafi Madaki, Rauta, Nasarawa, Dabin-Kasa, Waya, Tsakani, Gidajo, Tafawa Balewa, Balowa, Bagoro, Dull, Bala and Kanam areas have mineral potential zones.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Fadiminiyi Gbenga Stephen, Aladin Anthony Ese and Maju-Oyovwikowhe G.E

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.106.112

Feldspar minerals are essential industrial minerals that have varied applications depending on their mineralogical and chemical compositions. This project aims to evaluate the geochemical properties of Feldspar deposits around Dagbala area to determine their suitability for ceramic production. The study combines field and laboratory analysis of the samples collected. Fieldwork was carried out in Dagbala area, Akoko-Edo, Southern Nigeria, where ten (10) rock chip samples were collected from six different locations during the dry season. The chemical and mineralogical properties of the Feldspar materials were determined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The major mineral phases identified in the Feldspar samples from the studied areas were Muscovite, Quartz, Plagioclase, Albite, Microcline/Orthoclase, and Zircon. Geochemical analysis of the Feldspar deposits showed that they contained high Silica, SiO2 (72.71 – 74.97%; average: 73.11%) and Alumina, Al2O3 (15.05-15.16%; average 15.12%) with significant amounts of Potash (K2O) content (3.53 – 8.20%; average: 7.00%) and Soda (Na2O) content (3.37 – 5.56%; average: 4.94%), which are essential oxides for ceramic production. The ceramic suitability of these materials was assessed using the Bureau Indian Specification (BIS) and data from relevant literature. The results revealed that these raw materials are suitable for the production of ornamental ceramic ware.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Muhammed Salam Abubakar, Abdulrahman Muhammad, Ismail Bala Jibril

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.98.105

This study investigates the geochemical characteristics and potential contamination of groundwater within the Kaduna Polytechnic Main Campus. Piper plot analysis reveals that the water samples predominantly exhibit a Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–Cl⁻—SO₄²⁻ type, indicating a mixture of alkaline earth and strong acid anion concentrations. Electrical conductivity (EC) values in the samples ranged from 365 to 1790 μS/cm, reflecting variations in ion concentrations. Nitrate levels in some samples were alarmingly high, ranging from 27.20 mg/l to 131.00 mg/l, surpassing the WHO permissible limit of 45 mg/l. Arsenic concentrations varied between 0.015 and 0.125 mg/l, with certain samples exceeding the WHO guideline of 0.01-0.05 mg/l. Cadmium concentrations were particularly concerning, ranging from 0.604 mg/l to 0.766 mg/l, significantly above the WHO limit of 0.03 mg/l. Chromium concentrations ranged from non-detectable to 0.25 mg/l, with some samples exceeding the WHO limit of 0.05 mg/l. Nickel concentrations ranged from 0.078 mg/l to 0.128 mg/l, surpassing the WHO limit of 0.01 mg/l in all samples. Mercury concentrations were exceptionally high, ranging from 2.357 mg/l to 3.807 mg/l, far exceeding the WHO limit of 0.02 mg/l. These findings suggest that the groundwater quality within the Kaduna Polytechnic Main Campus is compromised by a range of emerging contaminants, likely stemming from anthropogenic activities such as improper waste disposal, agricultural practices, and nearby mechanical operations. Urgent intervention is required to mitigate potential health risks and protect the groundwater resources of the area.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Adedokun Damilola Rukayat, Ishola K.S., Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Alli Adnan Karram, Ibitomi Michael Adewale

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.57.66

Groundwater assessment methods have evolved significantly, revealing the effectiveness of various techniques and emphasizing the necessity of an integrated approach for a thorough understanding of groundwater resources. This review highlights Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) as a foundational tool, which provides valuable insights into subsurface resistivity and aquifer characteristics. Despite its utility in profiling vertical resistivity, VES is limited in depth penetration and lateral variation capture. To address these constraints, the review explores advanced techniques such as Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)
and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). ERT enhances spatial resolution by offering detailed views of resistivity variations, which improve the understanding of aquifer boundaries and subsurface structures. GPR, with its high-resolution imaging capabilities, excels in shallow investigations, complementing VES data with detailed insights. Additionally, Seismic Refraction provides complementary information on subsurface layers and aquifer depths, adding another dimension to resistivity-based methods. The integration of these techniques, along with hydrogeological methods like drilling and well logging, offers a comprehensive framework for groundwater assessment. Remote sensing technologies, including satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), contribute valuable spatial and temporal data for understanding groundwater recharge areas and monitoring land use impacts. Hydrological modeling further supports predictive insights into groundwater flow and future scenarios. For Nigeria, applying these integrated methods is crucial due to its diverse geological and climatic conditions. Utilizing VES, ERT, GPR, Seismic Refraction, remote sensing, and GIS will enhance the understanding of groundwater resources, facilitate effective management strategies, and address issues such as over-extraction and contamination. Effective groundwater management policies should be informed by these comprehensive assessments and supported by research, development, and public awareness efforts to ensure sustainable use of groundwater resources.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Ese Anthony Aladin and Andre-Obayanju O

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2024.89.97

This research is to determine the engineering index properties of soil for suitable foundation design in Ajah, Southwestern Nigeria. Three samples were acquired from a well bore in the area at depth of 1m, 3m and 5m. The following laboratory tests were carried out on the soil samples collected from the study area (Particle size analysis, Specific gravity, Atterberg limit, Triaxial test, and Compaction). The particle size analysis test revealed the predominance of granular materials ranging from fine to coarse sands in the sample. The specific gravity of the soil shows a gradual increase with depth, from 2.41 (at 1m), 2.50(at 3m) and 2.57(at 5m). The results from the Atterberg limit test showed that the three samples have liquid limit of 20.44%, 23.27%, and 25.61% respectively. The samples are also non plastic in nature, having neither plastic limit nor plastic index. The samples are almost cohesionless, having cohesion of 0.17, 0.95 and 0.76; and having angle of internal friction of about 13.73º, 11.62º, and 11.36º. Further analysis of the soil samples revealed that the optimum moisture content for the samples are 12.4%, 14.2% and 13.2% respectively, from top to bottom, while the maximum dry density for the samples are 1.75g/cm3, 1.68g/cm3 and 1.76g/cm3. The aforementioned properties of the soil proves that the soil is suitable for foundation, having low retention water capacity and relatively high specific gravity and permeability; high percentage of coarser grained fraction and very low percentage of clay minerals.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Adedokun Damilola Rukayat, Ishola K.S., Ilugbo Stephen Olubusola, Alli Adnan Karram, Ibitomi Michael Adewale

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.44.56

Groundwater Investigation was carried out using Electrical Resistivity Method at Sanngo Elere, Eruwa. There are many hand-dug wells in the study area but there is no evidence that groundwater exploration has been carried out in the area. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out in the area with the aim of determining viable aquiferous zone. Twenty (20) VES were carried out using Schlumberger electrode array configuration. The VES data generated were processed and interpreted using partial curve matching method and computer iterative modelling software called win resist. The interpreted data revealed three to five geoelectric sections consisting of the topsoil with resistivity ranging from 149 to 1407Ωm. Weathered/party weathered layer with resistivity and thickness values ranging from 131 to 2082Ωm and 1.0 to 14.2m respectively. A partly weathered/fresh basement rock with resistivity and thickness values that ranges from 45 to 3297Ωm and 2.6 to 21.6m. also a fresh basement rock with resistivity values that range from 1020 – 8744Ωm. On the bases of the resistivity and thickness of fracture zone, twelve out of 20 VES points are promising location for prolific borehole. The values of computed reflection coefficient were further used to confirm water bearing fractures. Electrical Resistivity Survey has been successfully utilized for groundwater exploration in the study area.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Syeda Basma, Shafi Ullah, Raja Asif Wagan, Bakhtiar Khan

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.34.43

In recent years, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Route has witnessed significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC) due to human activities. Understanding these changes is crucial for effective environmental management. This study focused on analyzing LULC changes between Quetta and Gwadar along the CPEC route from 2018 to 2022. Utilizing satellite data and advanced mapping techniques, particularly supervised and unsupervised image classification methods, we examined how the landscape has evolved over time. Our analysis revealed notable shifts in LULC patterns, including a decrease in water bodies, wetlands, and barren land in Quetta, alongside an expansion of built-up areas and agricultural lands. Additionally, a comparative analysis of factual data highlighted the significant changes between different regions along the CPEC route. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring LULC changes and implementing strategies to sustainably manage resources along the CPEC route.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Abdulrahman Muhammada, Muhammad Lawal Garbab, Ismail Bala Jibrila

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.12.23

A combined hydrogeochemical and hydrogeological investigation was undertaken in Talata-Mafara to evaluate irrigation water quality and shallow groundwater’s potential for irrigation purposes. This assessment aimed to ascertain the suitability of surface and shallow groundwater for irrigation. The Piper diagram illustrates Na+–K+–Cl−–SO42− as the prevalent ions, with rock dominance identified as the primary factor influencing groundwater chemistry, as shown in Gibb’s diagram. Analysis of irrigation water quality indicates that most samples were rated as excellent or good in terms of salinity risk, SAR, RSC, magnesium risk, index of permeability, and salinity potential. However, many samples were doubtful regarding Percent Sodium and unsuitable in Kelly’s ratio. Eight Vertical Electrical Profile (VEP) points were collected in the study area, indicating a promising groundwater potential. The apparent resistivity values of the underlying lithology, consisting of clastic sedimentary rocks (sands and gravels) in the form of topsoil (0-20m), weathered/fractured basement (2.5-100m), and fresh basement rocks (>100m thick), supported this conclusion. The pumping test data collected from different boreholes supports the rocks’ conductivity. In most areas, the groundwater is quite shallow, around 9 metres deep, except in New Maradun, where some boreholes had negative yields and a static water level of about 50 metres. The groundwater flow in the area predominantly flows northwest. The region’s surface water and near-surface aquifers can be used for irrigation. Improving the drainage system within farmlands is necessary to mitigate the excessive buildup of dissolved ions in the crop root zone, which may escalate to hazardous levels.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Ankit Kandel, Kabi Raj Paudyal

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2023.56.72

The Birendranagar-Talpokhari area lies in Surkhet and Dailekh districts of the Karnali Province, Nepal. Geologically, the study area represents parts of the Lesser Himalaya and Sub-Himalaya. The Sub-Himalaya consists of rocks of the Lower Siwalik. The Lesser Himalaya consists of three tectonic units: the Dailekh Group, the Lakharpata Group, and the Surkhet Group. The Dailekh Group is the allochthonous rock unit consisting of sequences of metamorphosed rocks whereas the Lakharpata Group consists of series of carbonate rocks. The Surkhet Group is the para-autochthonous unit consisting of sequences of low-grade metamorphic rocks. The strain ellipsoid of the quartz grains shows the rocks of the Surkhet Group and Dailekh Group bear a differential pattern of deformation. All the samples from the Surkhet Group rocks show the (Ri>Rs) condition whereas the Dailekh Group rocks show the (Rs> Ri) condition. The kinematic vorticity numbers with higher values (sample J19, L5, and M20) are located near the thrust whereas the lower value (sample J19) lies at some distance from the thrust. The simple shear-dominated area is more affected by the shearing effect so that the long axis of the quartz grains gets affected and subjected to rotation during shearing. This result supports the presence of the regional thrusts; (Timile Thrust and Nigalpani Thrust).

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Anthony V. Oyeshomo

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.12.23

In assessing the quality of water within the Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state Southwestern Nigeria, 12 representative samples were analysed from 3 hand dug wells. 3 streams and 6 boreholes for their physical and chemical parameters. The result show that the appearance of water samples varied and they were all clear. Turbidity ranges from 0.050-0.195NTU which indicate that the samples turbidity are below the W. H.O guideline of 5.0NTU. Conductivity ranges from 0.04 (mho/cm) to 0.11 (mho/cm), for hand-dug wells the 0.02 (mho/cm) to 0.05 (mho/cm) and for stream’s the conductivity ranges from 0.02 (mho/cm) to 0. 08 (mho/cm).The chemical parameters analyzed for the samples include pH, total dissolved solids, total Hardness, and concentration of ions. The total dissolved solid is highest in borehole 1 with a value of 700ppm while stream 2 and hand dug well 3 has the lowest value of 100ppm respectively. The Total Hardness is highest in borehole 4 with value of 77.78 and lowest in borehole 3 with value of 16.70. The value of the calcium concentration in the water samples range from 7.21mg/1 to 40.08mg/1. The W.H.O recommended minimum and highest desirable levels are 75m/1 and 200mg/I respectively The magnesium concentration of the samples ranges from 2.43mg/1-41.31mg/l. According to the World Health Organization permissible limits for minimum and maximum values are given as (50mg/1 and 150 mg/l),The results of the analysis compare favourably with the standard practice, the pH value also suggests that most of the water samples are slightly acidic but only a sample falls within the alkalinity range, the geology of an area influences groundwater chemistry while the activity of human influences the quality of groundwater.