Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Mohamed G. El-Behiry, Adly H. D. El-Nikhely, Bassem M. El Sayed

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjg-2019-0006

West Wadi El-Rayan is located in the Western Desert at about 140 km SE of Cairo. Also, it lies between Gindi basin to the east and Abu Gharadig basin to the west. In order to construct a 3D structural model and to delineate the subsurface structure styles of the area, seismic structural interpretation and structural restoration are used. The structural geometry within the area is inverted half-graben, since the area was controlled by reactivation of older faults. The magnitude of the inversion-related shortening in the study area was estimated and was suggested to be strong. The result of the strong inversion magnitude occurred toward northeast of the study area can be concluded that, the area suffered shortening and part of the Jurassic / Early Cretaceous normal faults are reactivated as reverse faults. Also the cap, the main reservoirs and the source rock sections are brought to the surface and thus breached, as well any previous mature source rock becoming non-generative where the dry wells are located. However, any less severe inversion structure in this case where producing wells are located that remain buried and will have a better chance or preserving the structure geometry and therefore top and lateral seal.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Charles C. Ekeh, Etim D. Uko, Ejiro F. Eleluwor and Friday B. Sigalo

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjg-2019-0005

Geophysical well logs were used to delineate the stratigraphic units and system tracks in the XYZ Field of the Niger Delta. The gross percentages for sand levels range from 93-96% in the shallow levels to 60-66% in the deeper levels. Porosity values ranged between 27% at shallower sections and 9% at deeper depths. Six depositional sequences were identified and categorized into their associated system tracts. Porosity decreases with depth in normal compacted formation for both sandstone and shale units. Surface porosity for sandstone is 42%, and for shale it is 38.7% from extrapolation of sub-surface porosity values to the surface. The depth to the base of Benin Formation is highly variable ranging between 1300 and 2600m. This study reveals the possibility to correlate sand levels over long distances which enables inferring porosity values laterally. The knowledge of the existent stratigraphic units, the Benin, Agbada and Akata Formations and their petrophysical parameters such as porosity, lateral continuity of the sands and shales, the variation of the net-to-gross of sands with depth, enables the reservoir engineer to develop a plan for the number and location of the wells to be drilled into the reservoir, the rates of production that can be sustained for optimum recovery. The reservoir engineer can also estimate the productivity and ultimate recovery (reserves) using the results on this work.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: M. Asad, H.U. Rahim

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjg-2019-0004

The lower Indus basin is one of the prolific basins in Pakistan in which the C-interval of lower Goru formation act as a reservoir. With the help of petrophysical interpretation production zone is recognized and also porosity is calculated at the reservoir level. Through porosity we are able to calculate Ksat. A model based inversion of 2D seismic inversion was performed to ascertain three dimensional dispersion of acoustic impedance in the investigation zone and we have recognized new areas where porosity distribution is maximum and site which is suitable for new well. Porosity and Acoustic impedance are typically contrarily relative to each other. Presently porosity can be anticipated in seismic reservoir characterization by utilizing acoustic impedance from seismic inversion far from well position.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: S. Abrakasa, H.O. Nwankwoala

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjg-2019-0003

Some oil samples from various Nigerian oil fields were examined for the presence of Thermochemical Sulphate Reduction (TSR) derived organo sulphur compounds. Oil samples were diluted with DCM and injected into the GC–MS for full scan analysis. The GC–MS results show the presence 2–thiaadamantane, 1–methyl-2-thiaadamanatane and 5–methyl-2-thiaadamanatane, the compounds were identified by comparison of extracted spectras with literature. The presence of these compounds in oils has been accepted on a wider horizon as indicators of reservoir souring. The plot of 5–Methyl-2-thiaadamantane/Adamantane and Dibenzothiophene/Adamanatane showed a fair correlation, corroborating the presence of 5–Methyl-2-thiaadamantane and fairly high abundance of Dibenzothiophene, the plot of 2-thiaadamantane/Adamantane and 5–Methyl-2-Thiaadamantane/Adamantane corroborating the presence of 2-thiaadamantane and 5–Methyl-2-Thiaadamantane inferring that the presence of 2-thiaadamantane and 5–Methyl-2-Thiaadamantane indicate that reservoir souring is active.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Andre Prayogo, Sukir Maryanto, Ahmad Nadhir

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjg-2019-0002

One of the areas that have geothermal potential in Indonesia is Tiris because there are found some manifestation in the form of hot springs. Several studies are needed to determine its geothermal potential before exploitation is carried out. Some previous studies have been carried out in the area, one of which uses Landsat 7 remote sensing data. There are other studies that state that knowledge of geology is needed to implement remote sensing in determining geothermal areas. This study uses 3-years data from Landsat 8 and geological information from the regional geological map of the study area. The result show changes in the value of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) from year to year, where each year the NDVI value decrease which is interpreted as reduced vegetation in the study area. From the distribution of LST values in the study area, it was found that there were hot spots that had higher temperatures than the surrounding area. When geological information and LST distribution map overlaid with regional geological maps, it is known that the hot spots inside the research area are possible to be a geothermal reservoir.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: M. O. Eyankware, C, Ogwah

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/pjg-2019-0001

Groundwater samples were evaluated for irrigation purpose, within selected part of Oju area of Benue State, Nigeria. The study area lies within Asu River Group of the Lower Benue Trough, southern part of Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed using APHA, 2012 method. Results from the study showed that pH falls within slightly basic to acidic, with Ec value ranging from 127 to 760 μS/cm, SSP ranges from 1.53 to 43.78, Sodium Percentage ranges from 1.55 to 77.8 %, Kelly Ratio ranges from 0.01 to 0.77, Magnesium Absorption Ratio ranges from 0.00 to 61.98 and total hardness Total Hardness ranges from 72.00 to 425.5 within the study area. The above listed parameters were below various permissible standard value for irrigation except for MAR at LBT/04, Na % at LBT/09, 13 and 14, SAR at 01 and 04 and TH at LBT/04 that were slightly above various permissible standard values. From Gibbs plot it was observed that rock dominance is the major factor that influences groundwater except for few sampling point were precipitation dominance was observed to have influence on groundwater within the study area.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Muhammad Siddique, Shahid Ghazi

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2025.121.130

The present study employs an integrated geospatial framework to delineate placer mineral potential zones along the Indus River corridor in District Attock, Pakistan. Utilizing multi-temporal Landsat 5 and 8 imagery (2000–2024), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, and advanced cloud-based processing via Google Earth Engine, key mineralogical and geomorphological indicators were extracted and analyzed. Spectral band ratio techniques were applied to identify ferrous and ferric minerals, iron oxides, clay assemblages, and hydrothermal alteration zones. Concurrently, Digital Elevation Model (DEM)-derived slope, flow direction, and aspect layers were analyzed to evaluate terrain controls on mineral deposition. Hydrological indices such as the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and vegetation indices (NDVI) were employed to assess surface dynamics and isolate stable zones for mineral concentration. Morphological features including point bars, meanders, and potholes were mapped and buffered to spatially constrain zones favorable for sediment trapping and heavy mineral accumulation. Results reveal distinct placer-enriched zones coinciding with low-gradient floodplains, meander belts, and fluvially reworked terraces. The integration of spectral and terrain-based analyses demonstrates the efficacy of remote sensing and GIS in early-stage mineral exploration, providing a replicable framework for sustainable resource targeting in alluvial environments.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Hasnain Haider, Shamim Akhtar, Enayatollah Emami Meybodi

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2025.117.120

Granite gneiss is the highest grade of metamorphic rock that exhibits prominent metamorphic structures. Susalgali granite gneiss has a foliated texture and contains small crystals of alkali feldspar (orthoclase or microcline). During field studies in this area few kinds of variations were also observed in granite gneiss i.e. highly porphyritic coarse-grained mica granite gneiss, medium grained micas granite gneiss, and leucocratic tourmaline-bearing granite gneiss. The petrographic studies of the granite gneiss indicate the presence of quartz, feldspar, biotite, hornblende, plagioclase and muscovite. Thin section studies also show fractional crystallization and zoning in plagioclase. In Pakistan, granite gneiss rocks are of diverse colors, mineralogy, textural characteristics, and mechanical properties could be found but limited literature available on the micro structures identification to explain the pressure-temperature conditions of granite gneiss. Microscopic techniques such as polarizing microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) are combined to analyzed mineral composition, rock microstructure, and degree of metamorphism of selected quartz-rich samples. High-temperature recrystallization is indicated by the deformation and recrystallization of quartz. Microstructure identification indicates that feldspar boudins and quartz recrystallization occur at highest temperature and pressure.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Haidar Salim Anan

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2025.62.68

The diagnostic episode of tectonic activity in combination with sea-level fall after the latest Danian event (around the Danian/Selandian or Danian/Thanetian transition) was recognized and recorded from many parts of the Southern Tethys: Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan and United Arab Emirates (UAE). This episode is named here the ‘angulata Event’. This event is represented by glauconitic bed in Sidi Nasseur and Tajérouine of Tunisia, or non-depositional sediments (or eroded after deposition) in Abu Zenima section (Sinai) and Jiran El Ful section, west Cairo of Egypt, and also Tell Burma and Wadi Arab sections of Jordan, or intraformational conglomeratic bed in Malaqet section of UAE. The studied latest Danian event (angulata Event) in the study areas exhibits many lateral and vertical facies changes and regional pattern to the relation between litho- and biostratigraphic boundaries across the Danian/Selandian (D/S) in Tunisia, but Danian/Thanetian (D/T) succession in Egypt, Jordan and UAE. Two new species are added to the recorded assemblage: Morozovella arabiana and Morozovella tunisica. This event is the second Paleogene event of Anan, after the global “pentacamerata Event’ around the Ypresian-Lutetian (Y-L) transition in the world.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Haidar Salim Anan

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2025.57.61

Ten phylogenetic lineages were produced by gradualistic evolutionary trends which observed within many planktic and benthic foraminiferal genera or species throughout the Campanian to Recent forms in the Tethys. These trends are: 1) Praemurica inconstans (Subbotina) ˃ P. arabica Anan ˃ P. uncinata (Bolli). 2) Turborotalia cerroazulensis (Cole) ˃ T. semicunialensis Anan ˃ T. cunialensis (Toumarkine and Bolli), 3) Gaudryina arabica Anan ˃ G. salimi Anan, ˃ G. ameeri Anan, 4) Clavulina misrensis Anan, n. sp. ˃ C. pseudoparisensis Anan ˃ C. angularis d’Orbigny, 5) Annulofrondicularia bignoti Anan ˃ A. tunisica Anan ˃ A. annularis d’Orbigny, 6) Tristix liasina (Berthelin) ˃ T. aubertae Anan ˃ T. sztrakosae Anan, 7) Orthokarstenia higazyi (Nakkady) ˃ O. nakkadyi Anan ˃ O. eleganta (Plummer), 8) Bolivinoides miliaris Hiltermann and Koch ˃ B. draco (Marsson) ˃ B. aegyptiaca Anan, 9) Uvigerina jacksonensis Cushman ˃ Uvigerinita hispida (Schwager) ˃ Uvigerinatella peregrina (Cushman), 10) Ornatanomalina pakistanica Anan ˃ Ornatodella pustulosa (Haque) ˃ Saudella ornata Hasson. One of the recorded species is treated here as new: P. arabica and Clavulina misrensis. These lineages help, not only to define the major faunal changes at Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T), Paleocene/Eocene (P/E), and Eocene/Miocene (E/M) boundaries, but also to emphasis the stratigraphic importance of them in different Tethyan localities.