Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Anthony V. Oyeshomo

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.12.23

In assessing the quality of water within the Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state Southwestern Nigeria, 12 representative samples were analysed from 3 hand dug wells. 3 streams and 6 boreholes for their physical and chemical parameters. The result show that the appearance of water samples varied and they were all clear. Turbidity ranges from 0.050-0.195NTU which indicate that the samples turbidity are below the W. H.O guideline of 5.0NTU. Conductivity ranges from 0.04 (mho/cm) to 0.11 (mho/cm), for hand-dug wells the 0.02 (mho/cm) to 0.05 (mho/cm) and for stream’s the conductivity ranges from 0.02 (mho/cm) to 0. 08 (mho/cm).The chemical parameters analyzed for the samples include pH, total dissolved solids, total Hardness, and concentration of ions. The total dissolved solid is highest in borehole 1 with a value of 700ppm while stream 2 and hand dug well 3 has the lowest value of 100ppm respectively. The Total Hardness is highest in borehole 4 with value of 77.78 and lowest in borehole 3 with value of 16.70. The value of the calcium concentration in the water samples range from 7.21mg/1 to 40.08mg/1. The W.H.O recommended minimum and highest desirable levels are 75m/1 and 200mg/I respectively The magnesium concentration of the samples ranges from 2.43mg/1-41.31mg/l. According to the World Health Organization permissible limits for minimum and maximum values are given as (50mg/1 and 150 mg/l),The results of the analysis compare favourably with the standard practice, the pH value also suggests that most of the water samples are slightly acidic but only a sample falls within the alkalinity range, the geology of an area influences groundwater chemistry while the activity of human influences the quality of groundwater.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Ishola Elijah Opeyemi, Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu, Korode Akinjide Isaac, Amoyedo Abiodun Adekunle

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2024.01.11

In the Niger Delta’s “WONDER” field, seven wells were thoroughly examined. The petrophysical characteristics of the sequences were determined using sequence stratigraphy, and the lithostratigraphic settings were modeled. Utilizing Schlumberger Petrel Software and Microsoft Excel, well logs and reservoir sands (RES A, RES B, and RES C) were analyzed, and petrophysical parameters were calculated. Biostratigraphic plots of the varieties of foraminifera in the reference well (WON 12-ST1) showed three sequences. These were found by matching log trends with depositional settings. There were three maximum flooding surfaces and four sequence boundaries. All of the sequences were classified as type-1, and there were three system tracts: transgressive (TST), highstand (HST), and lowstand (LST). In the HST and LST, prograding and aggrading sands with diminishing shale volume uphill were combined with retrograding shale and sand units. In the LST, TST, and HST, hydrocarbon buildups were discovered based on resistivity log data and calculated hydrocarbon saturation values. Average petrophysical parameters showing different shale volumes, total porosity, hydrocarbon saturation, and permeability ranges were calculated for RES A, RES B, and RES C over the seven wells. Examples of these ranges were found in Reservoir A, where the permeability measured 6978–8391 mD, the hydrocarbon saturation ranged from 51–59%, and the amount of shale ranged from 9–14%. This research provides crucial insights into the sedimentary patterns and hydrocarbon potential of the “WONDER” field in the Niger Delta.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Andre-Obayanju O, Ese Anthony Aladin, Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2023.48.55

The study was carried out in Ovia North-East local government area of Edo state. The study area is located between latitudes of 6°24’16.116”N and longitudes of 5°37’26.205″E to 5°36’16.8”E in Ovia North-East local government area. A total of three (3) soil samples were collected from an Anthill (Mold soil) mix with Lateritic soil at 0%, 3% and 6%. The following geotechnical analyses (the Particle size analysis, Specific Gravity, Atterberg Limits, Compaction Test and Triaxial Tests) was carried on the Mold soil samples mixed with lateritic soil to evaluate their suitability for road construction. The analyses revealed that approximately 10% of the soil composition consists of fine sand grains, while the majority, accounting for 90%, is characterized as medium to coarse grained. The particle size distribution analysis of the Mold soil indicated that the percentage of fines is below 35%, classifying it as coarse-grained according to the American Association of State and Highway Transport Officials (AASHTO). The Mold soil exhibited weight retention of 47.26 grams. The Specific Gravity ranged from 2.34 to 2.51, Liquid Limit varied from 51.80% to 63.05%, Plastic Limit ranged from 26.70% to 29.39%, Plasticity Index ranged from 25.10% to 33.52%, and Shear strength spanned from 26.748 to 50.066 kN/m². The results of the Compaction Test indicated that the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) ranged from 1.54 to 1.61 g/cm³, and the Optimum Moisture Content ranged from 14.45% to 13.93% for Mold soils mixed with lateritic soil at 0%, 3%, and 6%, respectively. The study results demonstrate that the incorporation of Mold soil enhances the geotechnical properties of the soil, while the Anthill proves to be a beneficial additive for improving lateritic soil in road construction. Furthermore, the Mold soil sample, when mixed with lateritic soil, meets the specifications set by the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, specifically maintaining a percentage of ≤ 18% for sub-base and base materials. This finding underscores the suitability of the soil for road construction purposes.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author:Birat Shrestha and Kabi Raj Paudyal

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2023.40.47

This manuscript investigates the unexplored slope stability of the Sisdole landfill site, emphasizing the critical need for comprehensive assessments during construction and operation to mitigate potential damages to people, property, and the environment. Focusing on the geological characteristics of the Banchare Danda and Sisdole landfill area, which comprises deformed metasandstone and pegmatite dykes, the study reveals the presence of two anticlines, with the proposed Banchare Danda landfill site strategically positioned. Laboratory analyses of waste/soil samples collected from Sisdole determined cohesion, angle of internal friction, and unit weight. Three slope profiles underwent numerical modeling using the Morgenstern-Price method, including constant and probabilistic analyses, revealing a factor of safety below the prescribed threshold. Seismic and dynamic analyses indicate hazardous conditions for slopes exposed to peak ground accelerations exceeding 250 gals, underscoring the urgency for enhanced design considerations and risk mitigation strategies in landfill operations.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Ali Hassan*, Muhammad Tariq Ali, Muhammad Zain Abdullah, Fahad Ali, Muhammad Arif

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2023.32.39

The rapid increase in industrial and agricultural waste poses ecological risks and threatens vital resources. To mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, global efforts promote alternative cementing materials. Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, offers a viable substitute for cement in structural concrete. This study comprehensively analyzes fly ash’s impact on concrete properties. Various fly ash replacement percentages were investigated through curing at 28 and 56 days. Testing revealed that 15% fly ash replacement yielded the highest compressive strength (3699 psi), signifying an optimal replacement level. Ultrasonic pulse velocity testing indicated a proportional decrease in concrete quality as the replacement percentage increased.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Chika Vincent Okorocha, Stephen Olushola Oladosu, Raphael Ehigiator -Irughe

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2023.21.31

Well-log data from four wells located in Northern Depobelt in the Niger Delta were used for the interpretation of Thermal properties, burial history, and subsidence rate, using Petromod and Excel softwares. The geothermal gradients in wells -1, -2, -3 and -4 are 1.247oC/100m, 1.792oC/100m, 2.232oC/100m and 1.862oC/100m respectively, based on an average surface temperature of 27°C. The average geothermal gradient 1.767oC/100m for the field of study. Thermal conductivity values were highly variable with depth with values of 2.36Wm-1K-1, 2.27Wm-1K-1, 2.35Wm-1K-1, and 2.55Wm-1K-1for Wells 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The heat flux obtained for the wells are accordingly 30.73mWm-2, 40.57mWm-2, 50.53mWm-2, and 42.19mWm-2. There was the general trend of the massive sandstones in the upper layers, characteristics of the Benin formation into an alternation of both sandstone and shales characteristic of the Agbada formation, followed by an increase in shale percentage down the series. The bottom of the Benin/top of Agbada boundaries for the four wells are about 1524.0m, 1066.8m, 1981.2m and 1371.6m for Wells 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The burial gradient decreases with age. Rapid subsidence episode took place between the Middle Pliocene at 3.5Ma which lasted till the Early-Pleistocene creating accommodation for the deposition of sediments with an average thickness of 1066.57m.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Chika Vincent Okorocha, Stephen Olushola Oladosu, Raphael Ehigiator -Irughe

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2023.11.20

This research employs a regression model to verify the accuracy of the Sacredion Tersus GeoBee30 CORS in real-time kinematic mode. This verification process entails utilizing differential correction broadcasted through the internet protocol (NTRIP) to the GNSS rover. Given Nigeria’s current demand for additional CORS to enhance geospatial services, the primary objective of this study is to determine the strength of signal coverage, which is crucial for strategically locating appropriate or estimated location for the installation of new CORS. The methodology involves conducting an independent observation session at 5 minutes on 14 temporary points, away from the CORS base. The analysis, carried out using one-way ANOVA, establishes the fact that the RTK observations referenced to the CORS exhibit high precision. Furthermore, the development of a linear regression model yields a robust positive correlation, underscoring the dependable link between the investigated RMS error and the observed distances (RMSE = 0.988; R-square = 0.977; adjusted R-square = 0.976) within the distance range of 75 km target, extended to 120 km by prediction. The rms values of 0.0093 m were discovered in both cases while testing the efficacy of the prediction model on two known ground controls within the study area. In conclusion, this study unequivocally confirms the accuracy of the CORS, thereby endorsing its suitability for tasks involving mapping and geomatics activities, not only within the verified 70-km range but also beyond it. There exist a linear relationship between the distance coverage and the RMS error in relative positioning to the CORS at 95% confidence interval (α = 0.05 significant value). However, we do not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis outrightly.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Lawson Ikoma D, Balogun Ayomide O

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.01.2023.01.10

Seismic attributes are very useful tools for reservoir characterization and prospect evaluation because they enhance visibility of features that are below the resolution of seismic data. This study utilized seismic attributes such as maximum amplitude, root mean square (RMS), average energy and sweetness for prospect, identification and evaluation in W-Field, onshore Niger Delta using seismic and well data. Three reservoirs were identified (A, B, C) and reservoir C was selected after thorough scrutiny of available well logs, sand thickness and hydrocarbon presence. Faults were enhanced using variance attribute and the result shows that closures on reservoir C surface are associated with collapsed crestal structures bounded by major faults responsible for hydrocarbon trap formation. The RMS and maximum amplitude attribute results shows the higher the RMS value, the brighter the amplitude anomalies, which coincide with the distribution of hydrocarbons in the reservoir and supported by Average energy interpretations. However, the anomalies are brighter and sharper using the Average energy seismic attribute. The result shows moderate to high sweetness zone (sweet spots) reveals bright amplitude anomalies within the zone of interest, indicating high amplitudes and low frequency of hydrocarbon bearing sand zone. Similarly, multitrace coblending (sweetness + variance) conducted on seismic volumes reveals that there is no significant difference in structure and bright amplitude anomalies with those recognized using the surface attributes. Seismic attributes offer complimentary tools to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize stratigraphic and structural features in a field, especially those features below the resolution of seismic data.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Collins Okrah, Emmanuel K. Appiah-Adjei, William A. Agyekum

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2022.53.59

Groundwater is an important source of drinking water for many people in sub-Saharan Africa due to its generally suitable quality. The Vea catchment of north-east Ghana is well known for its high reliance on groundwater for domestic use. The major livelihood of the indigenes is agriculture, which is severely affected by the seasonal long dry spell during harmattan. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compute the aquifer characteristics to aid assessment of the storage potential for other uses such as irrigation in the catchment using the pumping test method. Pumping and recovery test data on 77 boreholes are used to determine the aquifer properties. The results indicated that transmissivity (T) and specific capacity (Sc) were within the ranges of 0.42–60.8 m2/d and 2–70 m3/d/m, respectively. The T and Sc are linearly related with a coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.85. The area has a specific yield of about 0.06% and a storage coefficient in the order of 10-7–10-3. The shallow aquifer system (below 50 m deep) and the fractured aquifer system have mean safe yields of 138 m3/d and 345 m3/d, respectively. Thus, the groundwater potential can support other uses such as small-scale irrigation apart from drinking. The results of the study could be used as a guide for managing groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid areas. Through careful planning of groundwater withdrawals for irrigation and other uses for the socioeconomic development of the people, this will help improve water security resilience in the catchment.

Journal: Pakistan Journal of Geology (PJG)
Author: Ayesha Sikandar, Iqra Nasir

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.26480/pjg.02.2022.47.52

Satellite remote sensing and geographic information system are those technologies that have been proved highly productive in the monitoring of anthropogenic activities and in the development of databases that allows monitoring of wetlands and other protected areas in a systematic way. The Remote Sensing techniques also provides solution to the accessibility problems. The province of Sindh is comprised of many wetlands of which Manchar and Keenjhar Lakes has been studied. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite images were acquired for the year 2013 and 2021 respectively and different spectral indices like NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) were investigated. NDWI and NDVI is showing a positive correlation as the values of Pearson correlation “r” is almost near to 1. The NDVI value for both lakes in 2013 was high which is showing dense vegetation covers but on the other hand the NDVI values declines showing sparse vegetation in 2021 which is alarming. The NDWI values for both the lakes were below the threshold level. The main purpose of carrying out this study is to calculate and detect Vegetation covers and level of water stress in the lakes which was not found to be satisfactory as a lot of regions of Sindh in 2021 were facing drought conditions because of less precipitation and shortage of water in rivers. The study proved to be effective in demonstrating the use of satellite remote sensing techniques for wetland monitoring.